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Climate Change Curriculum Connections 11

SOCIAL STUDIES

SOCIAL STUDIES 20 – THE GROWTH OF THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

Topic B: Interdependence in the Global Environment

Knowledge – Theme I: Global Diversity

b. Nations are interdependent.

    • Introduce the concept of interdependence among nations (e.g., trade, transportation)

Knowledge – Theme III: Quality of Life

c. Quality of life is increasingly affected by issues of global concern.

    • Choose several examples and study their impact on human populations (e.g., greenhouse effect)

Knowledge – Theme IV: Alternative Futures: Possibilities for Change

a. There are issues of global concern.

    • Study at least one issue (e.g., resource consumption, energy resources)

b. Solutions to global concerns often require international dialogue

    • Identify opportunities for international dialogue and cooperation (e.g., United Nations agencies and resolutions, worldwide conferences, non-governmental organizations)

c. There are potential solutions to global concerns.

    • Study several examples to illustrate solutions to global problems (e.g., alternative energy sources, atmospheric regulations)

Skills – Process Skills

  • summarize materials after listening to and observing presentations
  • interpret and use information from maps, graphs, charts and tables
  • identify appropriate information and ideas as evidence to support a point of view
  • develop and evaluate proposed solutions

Skills – Communication Skills

  • use comparisons and examples in a written presentation
  • present information effectively in a group forum
  • convey information by producing illustrations of proposed solutions
  • use quotes and references to provide support for their views (footnotes, bibliographies).

Skills – Participation

  • participate in an informed way in discussions on global issues that affect society
  • resolve differences of opinion by debating reasonably and rationally
  • work effectively with others in a variety of group settings.

Skills – Inquiry Strategies

  • consider alternative perspectives, make decisions and substantiate choices regarding global issues
  • examine the processes whereby decisions affecting themselves and global society are made
  • use appropriate inquiry models to answer questions, solve problems and resolve issues about interdependence in the global environment
  • evaluate alternative solutions on global issues

Attitudes

  • an appreciation that different perspectives exist on quality of life
  • an awareness and appreciation of the interdependent nature of the world
  • a willingness to consider a variety of perspectives on global issues and questions.

SOCIAL STUDIES 23 – THE GROWTH OF THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

Topic B: Challenges in the Global Environment

Knowledge – Theme II: Global Interdependence and Quality of Life

b. Environmental situations affect quality of life.

    • Select examples of environmental situations focusing on their effects on quality of life; e.g., recycling, ozone layer depletion, greenhouse effect

Skills – Process Skills

  • locate, interpret and organize information from print and nonprint sources
  • identify points of view or perspectives from various sources of information
  • predict outcomes of alternative futures based on factual data
  • examine evidence and evaluate alternatives before making a decision.

Skills – Communication Skills

  • write a report based on factual data to support a position
  • present information in such forms as maps, diagrams and charts
  • prepare visuals and notes for delivery of a presentation
  • defend a position in a group discussion

Skills – Participation Skills

  • contribute information on issues and questions in the classroom
  • work independently as part of a larger group
  • work effectively with others in a variety of group settings

Skills – Inquiry Strategies

  • consider alternative perspectives, make decisions and defend their choices
  • use appropriate inquiry models to answer questions, solve problems and resolve issues
  • critically examine developments that may affect quality of life
  • evaluate alternative solutions on global issues.

Attitudes

  • an appreciation that responsible world citizenship includes recognizing the interdependent nature of the world
  • a respect for the right of others to hold different viewpoints on global issues
  • an appreciation that there are varied approaches to the resolution of global issues

NORTHERN STUDIES 15

Module 2: Northern Issues

  • Students will be encouraged to take a position on a Northern Issue based on their beliefs and values.
  • One of the skills that students need to draw upon in examining issues such as those raised by residential schools, is the awareness that it is very important to understand the history of an issue before we make a judgment about it. Issues are often far more complex than they first appear and students need to gather as much information as possible before making a judgment. It is also important for them to remember that gathering new information can change or challenge their initial judgments. They should be prepared to be open-minded as they go about issues research.
  • Students demonstrate their research skills as they gather information on a Northern Issue from a wide variety of sources.
  • Students are given the opportunity to discuss with their peers the issue they have chosen, their position on it, and demonstrate an understanding or awareness of some of the questions associated with their issue that make it important to explore. They should be able to take a stand on the issue and defend their point of view while being open to new learning they may receive from their peers.

INUUQATIGIIT CURRICULUM 10-12

Relationship to the Environment

Water

  • learn how to tell when it is safe to travel by sea
  • learn about areas of water that never freeze in lakes, rivers, and/ or the sea near your community

Key Experiences/Activities:

  • Bring an elder to talk about all aspects of currents and channels. The students can map these areas.
  • Travel by water. During this trip, go to a large lake and /or the sea. Observe the clouds in the sky, check the water to see if there are currents, observe plants that live in and around the water. Observe any animals they see. If you have an elder or hunter with you, ask them to tell personal stories about travelling in that particular area. When around the elder or hunter, watch to see how they observe their surroundings.

Ice

  • understand the relationships between ice, weather, tides, currents, and the land

Key Experiences/Activities:

  • Find out how the floe edge is formed, and how it is affected by weather and tides.

Weather and Weather Predicting

  • learn about modern weather forecasting.
  • learn about long-term climate changes

Key Experiences/Activities:

  • Have students keep individual records of weather signs, e.g., wind direction and intensity; how the distant land appears; the shape, height, and speed of clouds; the presence of halos or rainbows around the sun and moon etc. Have them make predictions based on their observations, then evaluate their accuracy. Compare and discuss student’s observations.
  • Research modern weather forecasting methods and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.
  • Discuss what causes the greenhouse effect. Where does the pollution come from?
  • Have students prepare presentation on Kyoto Accord and relate it to the impacts that are occurring in the North.

Caribou

  • understand how changes in the environment affect caribou

Birds

  • understand the threats to birds in the south (e.g. habitat loss, pollution) and the implications for the north.

Key Experiences/Activities:

  • Find out where a bird that breeds locally and is important to Inuit spends the winter. Learn about that country (or region): its geography, climate, culture, political issues, and especially environmental issues (potential impacts of climate change). How might any or all of these affect the birds?
  • Review stories about unusual bird sightings and potential link to climate change (e.g., South Baffin story of sighting a humming bird – never been seen before)

Plants

  • understand how the actions of people can affect the survival of plants

SCIENCE

BIOLOGY 20

Unit 1: The Biosphere

Attitudes

  • develop an awareness of one’s personal role in the preservation of the environment
  • develop a sense of responsibility toward use of our environment
  • develop optimism about humankind’s ability to learn to function within the limits of sustainable development
  • develop an awareness of global issues and the contribution of local activity to the resolution of global problems.

Concept 1
“The biosphere is maintained by a constant flow of energy.”

Knowledge

  • understand that most of the energy used in the biosphere comes from the Sun and is either stored or reradiated back into space

Skills

  • measure the amount of solar radiation in the local area, and comparing this with solar radiation data of other areas of the territory and/or the country

Science, Technology and Society Connections

  • understanding that the biosphere is maintained by solar energy that flows through photosynthesis and respiration and is lost as heat; and by measuring and comparing solar energy variations; and performing experiments that demonstrate plant energy storage, within the context of:

    • evaluating the evidence for the influence of ice and snow on the storage of solar energy (i.e., the albedo effect, hypothesizing about the consequences of fluctuations for biological systems ).
    • assessing the energy savings achieved in the overall requirements of large buildings by using thermal energy recycling technologies to capture metabolic heat and
    • the influence of the needs, interests and financial support of society in the development of these technologies

Concept 2
“The cycling of matter through the biosphere perpetuates its steady state equilibrium.”

Knowledge

  • how water is cycled through the biosphere along characteristic pathways
  • the properties of water and explaining their relevance to the hydrologic cycle; e.g., hydrogen bonding

Skills

  • hypothesizing how alterations in the carbon cycle, as a result of the burning of fossil fuels, might influence other cycling phenomena
  • measuring the rates of precipitation and evaporation in the local area; and comparing this with precipitation and evaporation data of other areas of the territory and/or the country

Science, Technology and Society Connections

  • understanding that biosphere cycling of matter perpetuates its steady state; and by predicting and hypothesizing the human influence in these cycles; and by measuring and comparing precipitation and water movement; and designing matter exchange experiments with plants and animals, within the context of:

    • analyzing how society affects the biogeochemical cycle of carbon, which in turn influences the greenhouse effect
    • evaluating the implications of the greenhouse effect on the hydrologic cycle and the water requirements of society and its systems

Concept 3
“The balance of energy and matter exchange in the biosphere, as an open system, maintains its steady state equilibrium..”

Knowledge

  • air composition is influenced by the activities of organisms, how energy and matter are exchanged between living systems and their environment, and by:

    • describing how human activities can have a disrupting influence on the balance, in the biosphere, of photosynthetic and cellular respiratory activities; e.g., fossil fuel combustion, forest destruction.

Skills

  • predicting the effect of changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration on the atmospheric equilibrium by a significant reduction of photosynthetic organisms through human activities

Science, Technology and Society Connections

  • understanding the balance of energy and matter exchange in the biosphere and the influence of human activities on this equilibrium; and by predicting atmospheric equilibrium changes and designing models of closed systems in equilibrium, within the context of:

    • discussing how the dynamic equilibrium of the atmosphere is influenced by human activity
    • examining the influence of changes to atmospheric ozone levels on society, plants and animals
    • evaluating, from the past to the present, the evidence for changes in atmospheric composition, with respect to carbon dioxide and its significance to current biosphere equilibrium

Unit 3: Energy and Matter Exchange in Ecosystems

Attitudes

  • develop an awareness of one’s personal role in the preservation of the environment
  • develop a sense of responsibility toward use of the environment
  • appreciate the multidimensional nature of science, technology and society issues
  • value the necessity of being adaptable to changes in the environment

Concept 1
“The biosphere is composed of a diversity of biomes, each with distinctive biotic and abiotic factors.”

Knowledge

  • the biosphere is composed of biomes, each with many different ecosystems, characterized by physiographic, climatic, edaphic (soil) and biotic factors, energy and matter exchange in the biosphere, and by:

    • describing how energy and matter exchange contribute to the existence of the biosphere’s major biomes; e.g., tundra, taiga, boreal forest.
    • identifying ecosystem biotic and abiotic factors and explaining their influence in an aquatic and a terrestrial ecosystem in a local region; e.g., stream or lake, boreal forest.

Skills

  • hypothesizing the ecological role of biotic and abiotic factors; e.g., albedo effect, competition

Science, Technology and Society Connections

  • performing a field study and measuring, quantitatively, appropriate abiotic factors, such as temperature, precipitation, snow
  • understanding that the biosphere is composed of biomes and ecosystems, each distinctly characterized by their energy and matter exchange
  • performing field studies measuring, gathering and analyzing biotic and abiotic data
  • hypothesizing the ecological roles of snow and ice
  • predicting future outcomes of ecosystems, within the context of:

    • evaluating the impact that human activity has had, or could have, on the ecosystems chosen

Concept 2
“Ecosystems have characteristic structures determined by their energy and matter exchange.”

Knowledge

  • the structure of ecosystems can be described by:

    • explaining, quantitatively, the energy and matter exchange in ecosystems, using models, such as pyramids.

Skills

  • evaluating, quantitatively, the energy and matter exchange in a chosen ecosystem, using a pyramid of mass or numbers

Science, Technology and Society Connections

  • understanding how the nature of energy and matter exchange determines ecosystem structure and representing this information in models; and by collecting and analyzing energy and matter exchange information, and building models from this information,

OCEANS 11

Module 1: Oceans, Structure and Motion

  • SLO 1-18: Describe and explain the global water cycle.
  • SLO 1-21: Explain the effect of Albedo on the Arctic.
  • SLO 1-27: Describe and explain heat transfer in the hydrosphere and atmosphere and its effects on air and water currents in the northern hemisphere.
  • SLO 1-33: Explain and illustrate the process of global air circulation.
  • SLO 1-36: Explain, using scientific and traditional knowledge, ice movement and structures.
  • SLO 1-42: Describe the importance of environmental indicators and traditional knowledge in weather forecasting and in safe travel of the land

Module 4: Habitats

  • SLO 4-12: Examine factors that contribute both positively and negatively to coastal areas.
  • SLO 4-25: Examine factors that contribute both positively and negatively to estuaries.

Module 5: Human Use and Governance

  • SLO 5-22: Analyze issues/decisions in terms of implications for the economy, the environment, and society, considering a variety of perspectives.
  • SLO 5-29: Research and discuss evidence and theories of climate change.
  • SLO 5-30: Explain the role of greenhouse gases in climate change.
  • SLO 5-31: Identify causes of ozone depletion and is effects on Arctic marine ecosystems.
  • SLO 5-32: Describe the effects of ozone depletion on phytoplankton.

SCIENCE 25

Unit 3: Basic Ecology

  • Identify ecology as the study of the relationships of living and non-living factors in the biosphere.
  • Describe the biosphere in terms of ecosystems that demonstrate the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors.
  • Demonstrate through appropriate activities the chief abiotic factors of light, temperature, air, water (also particularly in the form of ice and snow) and soil which influence living things.
  • Describe the changing nature of abiotic factors which cause plant and animal life to adapt, move or die out.
  • Show how living things depend on each other for food by describing and diagramming simple food chains and more complex food webs.
  • Identify niches in an ecosystem and classify living things such as producers, consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores) and decomposers.
  • Use food pyramids to compare the numbers of plants and different types of animals that are involved in food relationships.
  • Describe in detail the natural history of at least one plant and animal species found in a local ecosystem and outline its particular role within the biotic community.
  • Recognize the importance of photosynthesis in the overall energy requirements of ecosystems.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS 20-1

General Outcome 1: Explore thoughts, ideas, feelings and experiences.

1.1 Discover possibilities

1.1.1 Form tentative understandings, interpretations and positions

a. identify and experiment with strategies that contribute to forming tentative understandings, interpretations and positions [for example, posing questions, suspending prejudgement as appropriate, recognizing that initial interpretations and positions may be inaccurate and incomplete, and recognizing that texts may be inaccurate, misleading or ambiguous]

1.1.2 Experiment with language, image and structure

a. experiment with language, image and structure to influence the content of texts and to create different effects in particular situations and for particular purposes and audiences [for example, present the same information to two different audiences, and make appropriate changes to the content to suit the audiences]

1.2 Extend awareness

1.2.1 Consider new perspectives

b. compare own ideas, perspectives and interpretations with those of others, through a variety of means, to expand perceptions and understandings when exploring and responding to texts [for example, pro–con charts, alternative Internet search engines, comparison tables, and think–pair–share charts]

General Outcome 2: Comprehend literature and other texts in oral, print, visual and multimedia forms, and respond personally, critically and creatively

2.1 Construct meaning from text and context

2.1.1 Discern and analyze context

a. explain the text creator’s purpose, and analyze the target audience

b. analyze factors in the communication situation and background environment of a text [for example, whether or not a text creator is communicating as an individual or as a representative of a particular group]

2.1.2 Understand and interpret content

b. analyze and describe the relationships between a text’s controlling idea and its supporting ideas and supporting details

2.1.4 Use reference strategies and reference technologies

a. use a variety of appropriate reference strategies and reference technologies to aid understanding [for example, formulating and refining questions, exploring works cited in other references, taking notes, and using library catalogues and Internet search engines]

b. create and use own reference materials to aid understanding [for example, a personalized dictionary/glossary and a personalized URL address list]

2.2 Understand and appreciate textual forms, elements and techniques

2.2.1 Relate form, structure and medium to purpose, audience and content

d. analyze the effect of medium on message

General Outcome 3: Manage ideas and information

3.1.1 Focus on purpose and presentation form

a. reflect on and describe strategies for determining the depth and breadth of inquiry and for identifying the purpose, audience and potential forms of presentation; select and monitor appropriate strategies; and modify selected strategies as needed [for example, define scope and parameters for research inquiry, create a timeline to guide research, analyze topic, and understand purpose and audience]

c. limit or expand the inquiry or research topic as appropriate [for example, develop a focus question for inquiry]

3.1.2 Plan inquiry or research, and identify information needs and sources

a. reflect on and describe strategies for developing an inquiry or research plan that will foster understanding; select and monitor appropriate strategies; and modify strategies as needed to plan inquiry or research effectively [for example, use a research journal to keep and record reflections on the research process, clarify thinking, revisit initial perceptions, and ask questions that lead to new research]

b. develop a repertoire of effective strategies for planning inquiry and research that will address the topic and satisfy contextual requirements and requirements of presentation form [for example, questions within questions, inquiry charts, preliminary interviews, and consultations with the teacher and librarian]

e. identify and select potential strategies and technologies for gathering, generating and recording information [for example, outlining, webbing, taking notes in point form, recording sources accurately during information gathering, writing direct quotations correctly and bookmarking Internet sites]

3.2 Follow a plan of inquiry

3.2.1 Select, record and organize information

a. reflect on and describe strategies that may be used to select, record and organize information; select and monitor appropriate strategies; and modify selected strategies as needed

b. select information and other material appropriate to purpose from a variety of print and nonprint sources [for example, from museums, archives, government agencies, periodicals, microfiche, Internet, CD-ROMs, films, television and radio broadcasts, interviews, surveys, and print and online encyclopedias]

c. record information accurately and completely, and document and reference sources, as appropriate [for example, document direct quotations, others’ ideas and arguments, maps, charts, statistics, pictures and diagrams from books, magazines, bibliographies, newspapers, audiovisual materials, electronic sources, interviews and films to avoid plagiarism]

d. organize information logically [such as by question, by category, by chronology or by cause and effect]

3.2.2 Evaluate sources, and assess information

a. reflect on and describe strategies for evaluating information sources and for detecting bias; select and monitor appropriate strategies; and modify selected strategies as needed to evaluate sources and detect bias

b. assess information sources for credibility and for appropriateness to purpose, audience and presentation form

c. assess the accuracy, completeness and currentness of information selected from sources; and assess the relevance and appropriateness of the information to purpose

d. identify and describe possible biases of sources, and describe the possible effects of such biases on the credibility of information [for example, examine the credibility of the author or organization, the proportion of verifiable facts to generalizations, the sponsor/author/purpose/date of a Web site]

3.2.3 Form generalizations and conclusions

b. draw conclusions that are appropriate to findings, reflect own understandings and are consistent with the identified topic, purpose and situation

General Outcome 4: Create oral, print, visual and multimedia texts, and enhance the clarity and artistry of communication

4.1.3 Develop content

f. develop content appropriate to form and context [for example, provide grounds and evidence to construct an argument, and use chronological order to write an informal essay]

4.1.4 Use production, publication and presentation strategies and technologies consistent with context

b. adapt presentation materials, strategies and technologies to suit purpose, audience and situation [for example, focus audience attention by providing a notetaking frame]

4.2 Improve thoughtfulness, effectiveness and correctness of communication

4.2.1 Enhance thought and detail

b. review the accuracy, specificity, precision, vividness and relevance of details, events, images, facts or other data intended to support a controlling idea or to develop a unifying effect; and add to, modify or delete details, events, images, facts or other data as needed to provide complete and effective support or development

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS 20-2

General Outcome 1: Explore thoughts, ideas, feelings and experiences.

1.1 Discover possibilities

1.1.1 Form tentative understandings, interpretations and positions

a. identify and experiment with strategies that contribute to forming tentative understandings, interpretations and positions [for example, posing questions, suspending prejudgement as appropriate, recognizing that initial interpretations and positions may be inaccurate and incomplete, and recognizing that texts may be inaccurate, misleading or ambiguous]

1.1.2 Experiment with language, image and structure

a. experiment with language, image and structure to influence the content of texts and to create different effects in particular situations and for particular purposes and audiences [for example, present the same information to two different audiences, and make appropriate changes to the content to suit the audiences]

1.2 Extend awareness

1.2.1 Consider new perspectives

b. compare own ideas, perspectives and interpretations with those of others, through a variety of means, to expand perceptions and understandings when exploring and responding to texts [for example, pro–con charts, alternative Internet search engines, comparison tables, and think–pair–share charts]

General Outcome 2: Comprehend literature and other texts in oral, print, visual and multimedia forms, and respond personally, critically and creatively

2.1 Construct meaning from text and context

2.1.1 Discern and analyze context

a. paraphrase key messages in a text and identify elements present in the communication situation, in order to describe the text creator’s purpose and target audience

b. analyze factors in the communication situation and background environment of a text [for example, whether a text creator is communicating as an individual or as a representative of a particular group]

2.1.2 Understand and interpret content

b. paraphrase a text’s controlling idea, and relate its supporting ideas and supporting details to its controlling idea

2.1.4 Use reference strategies and reference technologies

a. use a variety of appropriate reference strategies and reference technologies to aid understanding [for example, formulating and refining questions, exploring works cited in other references, taking notes, and using library catalogues and Internet search engines]

b. create and use own reference materials to aid understanding [for example, a personalized dictionary/glossary and a personalized URL address list]

2.2 Understand and appreciate textual forms, elements and techniques

2.2.1 Relate form, structure and medium to purpose, audience and content

c. analyze the effect of medium on message

General Outcome 3: Manage ideas and information

3.1.1 Focus on purpose and presentation form

a. reflect on and describe strategies for determining the depth and breadth of inquiry and for identifying the purpose, audience and potential forms of presentation; select and monitor appropriate strategies; and modify selected strategies as needed [for example, define scope and parameters for research inquiry, create a timeline to guide research, analyze topic, and understand purpose and audience]

c. limit or expand the inquiry or research topic as appropriate [for example, develop a focus question for inquiry]

3.1.2 Plan inquiry or research, and identify information needs and sources

a. reflect on and describe strategies for developing an inquiry or research plan that will foster understanding; select and monitor appropriate strategies; and modify strategies as needed to plan inquiry or research effectively [for example, use a research journal to keep and record reflections on the research process, clarify thinking, revisit initial perceptions, and ask questions that lead to new research]

b. develop a repertoire of effective strategies for planning inquiry and research that will address the topic and satisfy contextual requirements and requirements of presentation form [for example, questions within questions, inquiry charts, preliminary interviews, and consultations with the teacher and librarian]

e. identify and select potential strategies and technologies for gathering, generating and recording information [for example, outlining, webbing, taking notes in point form, recording sources accurately during information gathering, writing direct quotations correctly and bookmarking Internet sites]

3.2 Follow a plan of inquiry

3.2.1 Select, record and organize information

a. reflect on and describe strategies that may be used to select, record and organize information; select and monitor appropriate strategies; and modify selected strategies as needed

b. select information and other material appropriate to purpose from a variety of print and nonprint sources [for example, from museums, archives, government agencies, periodicals, microfiche, Internet, CD-ROMs, films, television and radio broadcasts, interviews, surveys, and print and online encyclopedias]

c. record information accurately and completely, and document and reference sources, as appropriate [for example, document direct quotations, others’ ideas and arguments, maps, charts, statistics, pictures and diagrams from books, magazines, bibliographies, newspapers, audiovisual materials, electronic sources, interviews and films to avoid plagiarism]

d. organize information logically [such as by question, by category, by chronology or by cause and effect]

3.2.2 Evaluate sources, and assess information

a. reflect on and describe strategies for evaluating information sources and for detecting bias; select and monitor appropriate strategies; and modify selected strategies as needed to evaluate sources and detect bias

b. assess information sources for credibility and for appropriateness to purpose, audience and presentation form

c. assess the accuracy, completeness and currentness of information selected from sources; and assess the relevance and appropriateness of the information to purpose

d. identify and describe possible biases of sources, and describe the possible effects of such biases on the credibility of information [for example, examine the credibility of the author or organization, the proportion of verifiable facts to generalizations, the sponsor/author/purpose/date of a Web site]

3.2.3 Form generalizations and conclusions

b. draw conclusions that are appropriate to findings, reflect own understandings and are consistent with the identified topic, purpose and situation

General Outcome 4: Create oral, print, visual and multimedia texts, and enhance the clarity and artistry of communication

4.1.3 Develop content

f. develop content appropriate to form and context [for example, provide grounds and evidence to construct an argument]

4.1.4 Use production, publication and presentation strategies and technologies consistent with context

b. develop presentation materials; and select strategies and technologies appropriate to purpose, audience and situation [for example, give members of the audience a pretest on the presentation topic to understand their prior knowledge]

4.2 Improve thoughtfulness, effectiveness and correctness of communication

4.2.1 Enhance thought and detail

b. review the accuracy, specificity and precision of details, events, images, facts or other data intended to support a controlling idea or to develop a unifying effect; and add to details, events, images, facts or other data as needed to provide sufficient support or development

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